Redemption and survival Essay

The epic by Victor Hugo entitled Les Miserables is story that investigates the life of John Valjean and his endeavors towards arousing, recovery and endurance. It delineates his change from a cookroom detainee towards a renewed person. It passes on the various choices and activities submitted by a man towards picking his way throughout everyday life. Moreover, there are different characters that interlace and give applicable effect in Jean Valjean’s life and development as a person. In addition, the setting of the story plots the noteworthiness of cultural variables that has been compelling in the formation of choices and activities that unfolded in the span of the story. Examining the various topics introduced by Hugo in this story, one critical component in present in the thought is the component of ethics, qualities, and observations. Taking a gander at it, John Valjean is sentenced in light of the fact that for taking bread and was sent to the galleys. Upon his departure, he got mindful of the preference and inclination that society has given him. In here, Hugo had the option to feature the change of Jean Valjean from a criminal into a fair man with the assistance of the Bishop Myriel. Hugo makes reference to this in the novel by saying that â€Å"Jean Valjean, my sibling, you no longer have a place with detestable, however to great. It is your spirit I am purchasing for you. I pull back it from dim contemplations and from the soul of condemnation, and I offer it to God! † (p. 106). Another noteworthy component that makes the book worth perusing is its capacity to exhibit that in the midst of the nearness of haziness and enduring, recovery do occurs and it makes and roads for change to happen. This was apparent in the novel as various books introduced these thoughts in an alternate way. For instance, the enduring of Fantine and Cosette to endure was lightened by Jean Valjean’s reception of Cosette. In like manner, the languishing of Jean Valjean over acknowledgment and worth was remunerated by turning into the Mayor M. Madeleine and serving the requirements of individuals. The capacity of the story to introduce the real factors and cruelty of life is likewise an intriguing part to consider. Hugo had the option to plot the huge regions that encompass ones brain as he orchestrates them and gives the improvement to the characters. This was expressed when Hugo said that â€Å"The age currently having its passing turn on earth isn't constrained to abbreviate it for the ages, its equivalents all things considered, that will have their turn a while later . . . Subsequently, at specific periods, a profound chill on the charitable vanguard of mankind. † (p. 1242). Investigating on transform, I would need to concur with the possibility of Hugo that it happens due to ones capacity to choose for their own. Whatever the result might be, it is their important that people use it for their own development. This is the procedure for one to develop the totality of humankind and what it’s expected to be. As Hugo contends, â€Å"from one end to the next; in its entire and in its subtleties, whatever the oversights, the special cases, or the shortcomings †is the walk from fiendishness to great, from shamefulness to equity, from the bogus to the valid, from night to day, from hunger to inner voice, from rottenness to life, from severity to obligation, from Hell to Heaven, from nothingness to God† (p. 1242). In conclusion, I would need to concur with the idea of Hugo that time and love can rise above disloyalty and duplicity. This has been available and obvious in different circumstances experienced by Jean Valjean. One noteworthy model is the statement which says â€Å"by which the composing turned around on the blotting surface was adjusted by the mirror and introduced its unique structure; and Jean Valjean had underneath his eyes the letter Cosette had composed Marius the night prior to It was straightforward and devastating† (p. 1152). Despite the fact that this circumstance happened, Jean Valjean started to acknowledge Marius as his own which went to a state of safeguarding him from the contention and battle. This is one indication of how the general thought of adoration can help survive and give new roads to change. By perusing this book, I came to welcome the circumstances occurring around. It gave me that our choices can influence what our lives would be later on. Similarly, it is through adoration, sympathy and absolution that people, gatherings, and social orders can defeat the obstacles and difficulties realized by torment, trickery, double dealing and savagery. By and large, the book offers different zones that open up the psyche of perusers of the potential outcomes and real factors that are occurring. Hugo had the option to pass on a blend of sentiments that develop a complete encounter once perusing the novel. In here, he consolidates the recognizable aspects of legislative issues, religion, sentiment, and social circumstances that make the way toward understanding noteworthy and ageless in its own right. To finish up, the subjects and issues introduced in the book can be summed up by Hugo’s quote which says â€Å"The history of men is reflected in the historical backdrop of cloacae† (p. 1462). In here, it just shows how one can develop and seek after life relying upon what we take inside. It implies that the activities, qualities, standards, and discernments that we oblige and obtain direct what we are and what we can turn into. This impacts our activities and choices in life as we find better approaches to live as indicated by the principles and changes occurring.

Feelings in Anton Chekhovs The Bear :: The Bear Essays

The Bear, which is an exemplary one-act play composed 1900, is one of the extraordinary works of Anton Chekhov, which is particularly about a bereft lady. The Bear can be viewed as a parody since it is to give the crowd diversion and entertainment. This parody uncovers the scarce difference among outrage and energy. The topic is about an odd start of affection between Mrs. Popov and Smirnov. It showed that adoration changes everything it contacts. Discourse of the characters, the activity of the characters, and the characters themselves shape the subject. Inconceivable activities and change in mind-set with respect to the characters show that adoration can now and then originate from an odd unforeseen development. Anton Chekhov?s exemplary play the bear rotates around two heroes, Mrs. Popov and Grigory Stepanovich Smirnov. Mrs. Popov is a landowner and widow, who following seven months back is despite everything grieving her husband?s passing and chose to separate herself from the outside world and grieve until the day she bites the dust. Grigory Sepanovich Smirnov is likewise a landowner, who loans cash to Mr. Nikolai Popov before he kicked the bucket and he requests the obligations be paid without a moment's delay since his leasers after him. Smirnov demands, downplays Popov?s grieving, and will not go out. Popov and Smirnov furiously battle with each other. At that point Smirnov challenges Popov to a gunfight for offending him and Popov draws out her husand?s guns. Now Smirnov understands that he has begun to look all starry eyed at Popov. Toward the finish of the play, they end up in adoration and kiss one another. Exchange would need to be the most unfathomable piece of this play. As the play progress the discourse changes from a deferential way to hollering and blended emotions originating from both of the character. For example, in the early piece of the play Mrs. Popov addresses Mr. Smirnov with deference, ?You?ll get you?re cash the day after tomorrow,?(1096) she said with a deferential and respectful tone. Later Mrs. Popov offended and shouts as such ?You?re only a rough, bear! A savage! A beast!? (1101). Toward the finish of play, she is mistaken for a second, ?go away?.No, Get out, get out! I loathe you! Be that as it may, don?t go!?, yet they end up in each other?s arms. The distinction in the exchange shows how love is having its impact on Mrs. Popov?s enthusiastic control as her exchange changes.

The Billion-Dollar Business of CBD (Cannabis)

The Billion-Dollar Business of CBD (Cannabis) The fine balance between law, market and science is disturbed by the phenomenon of products containing Cannabidiol (CBD) these days.There are CBD products all over the place and so many myths and testimonials about Cannabidiols medicinal properties that its virtually impossible to back it all up by science.Medicine simply cant manage to run all the necessary experiments to present us with a clear picture of how powerful CBDs healing properties really are.Such experiments sometimes require years to conduct before the public is supplied with the digested data.On the other hand, the business of products based on CBD is skyrocketing as more and more people opt for natural and herbal remedies instead of products of the pharmaceutical companies.CBD is allegedly used to alleviate pain, treat anxiety and depression, strengthen the immune system, fix sleep and eating disorders, induce weight loss and even treat Parkinson, cancer, and epilepsy.It’s surprising that it (still) doesnt cure AIDS , but hey… give it time.CONSPIRACY THEORIESOn one side of the spectrum, there are conspiracy theories, or maybe even facts, that the big pharma holds back and manipulates the information on CBD that the media presents us with.On the other side of the conspiracy, spectrum lie narco cartels which supposedly power the independent media to advertise the medicinal use of Cannabis and thus CBD.It has become a question of ideology and bribe. Even the scientific community falls apart with more and more scientists pleading for the use of CBD.Third conspiracy theory implies that the pharma and the private plantations are actually working together.Complete decriminalization of cannabis would supposedly lead to elimination of expensive medicine and would also cause a major decline of CBD products prices.lf it is legal, why would you pay tons of bucks for something you can grow on your lawn?The services of undercover dealing industries would become obsolete.These are just some of the questions concerning the business of CBD, however, the whole enterprise gets more and more complicated since CBD is actually in a gray area when it comes to the law.CBDS LEGAL STATUSCBD is a natural chemical component of hemp and cannabis thats not psychoactive. In other words, it wont get you high.Since it doesnt contain the illegal psychotropic component THC thats found in cannabis, CBD is not explicitly prohibited by law.Of course, its legality fluctuates from one state to the other as theres still no consensus on it.The 2018 Farm Bill decriminalized the production and sale of extracts of hemp and hemp itself. According to federal law, hemp cant contain more than 0,3 % of THC.Anything above the stated percentage is classified as marijuana and its thus treated as a schedule 1 drug by the Drug Enforcement Administration which makes it illegal.The problem in production is that a crop can accidentally grow marijuana stacked with THC because of pollination and reproductive processes.Unexpected pollination can easily happen in outdoor fields because cannabis pollen can travel for miles (thats why theres so much of it in the wilderness and why its relatively easy to grow).If your CBD comes from a marijuana plant instead of hemp, it’s illegal. If your CBD contains too much THC (more than 0.3 percent), it’s illegal.Because the extraction process for CBD and THC is similar, CBD can easily be mixed with THC or pesticides if extracted improperly so thats one more risk to the business of the CBD production.The reason why CBD is in a gray legal area is also because its sale as medicine is prohibited by law.However, since the FDA doesnt regulate the safety of dietary supplements, CBD manufacturers sell it as that.A danger of such a discrepancy is that many supposedly CBD based products may contain many other unknown elements.Its also unclear what the exact effective therapeutic does of CBD are and in relation to which medical conditions.Currently, pharmaceutics employs CBD in making a seizure drug Epidiolex which is the only legal CBD based drug, used for treating epilepsy seizures, mostly in kids.Since the law is too slow to catch up with scientific breakthroughs and even science tends to lag behind practical knowledge, complete decriminalization of cannabis is expected.One more reason for it is the fast-paced growing business of CBD. EXPANDING BUSINESS OF CBDThere are basically two events which went hand in hand that have kicked off the business of CBD products.Those events were the approval of the first CBD-based medication with doctors prescription and the passing of the Farm Bill or the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 which removed hemp from the Controlled Substances Act.Even though the FDA still regulates products such as pharmaceutical drugs, food items, additives, and dietary supplements, CBD-based products could now be sold and advertised as supplementary derivatives.Before these events, CBD was assessed to roughly make up a billion-dollar industry.Now, the situation has changed for retailers and manufacturers who can choose to work alongside the regulations and grow crops for the pharmaceutics or take advantage of the legally gray area.The Brightfield Group, a cannabis industry research firm based in Chicago, estimated the sales of CBD to grow to an impressive $22 billion by 2022. Source: www.hempbizjournal.comSome of the Brightfield analysts project the market size to reach $24 billion in sales by 2023 which is a $2 billion increase in worth over a year.The biggest part of these sales, around $16 billion is expected to come from chain-market retailers, and online and healthy food stores following with $3 billion in sales.Only in 2017 legal hemp products over $820 million worth have been sold in the United States.The most common products in use were CBD oil as a dietary supplement, which can also be administrated as a lotion, drops or even through an e-cigarette.In 2017 hemp crops were grown in 19 states spreading over 26,000 acres of land. Approximately 1,500 licenses were issued for hemp growing and around 30 U.S. Universities have been approved to conduct research relating to hemp.For a study of the American Medical Association in 2017, researchers tested more than 80 CBD products purchased from around 30 different online retailers.Roughly 7 out of 10 produ cts had different CBD levels than what the label reported. Roughly half of all the tested items had more CBD than indicated and around a quarter had less.20 of the tested samples were proved positive for THC despite the fact that it wasnt listed on the label.Kelvin Harrylall, the CEO of the CBD Palace, a company that investigates CBD selling companies and creates a list of safe vendors, reports: Its tough to know what you are getting.Theres a lot of dirty CBD facilities that arent trustworthy.All of this just speaks of the FDA independent market growth. The market also grows beyond tinctures and oils. It sells products that supposedly improve health and overall wellness.Some of these products are CBD-infused water, cosmetics, and even pet treats. The products have long spread to natural food stores, cafes, doctors offices, and beauty isles.By June of 2018, the fast-growing industry has already hit the $591 million. Source: www.hempbizjournal.com/Epidiolex alone, as the first approved CBD drug for seizure disorders, recorded $32 million in sales during the first quarter of the year.Bethany Gomez, the research director in the Brightfield Group says: What weve tracked in the current year was an explosion of face masks, skincare and bug bites. CBD is used for everyone the vendors can think of, even for performance inducing in sports.On the other hand, women buy it for PMS and old people for arthritis. The industry has grown out of nowhere, based on social myths and urban legends of mouth-to-mouth marketing. For now, theres no major market retailer coverage for the industry, but stay tuned.People who have been doing market research for years report that this might be the craziest market theyve ever covered.According to the Brightfield Group, increases in every single sector that sells CBD are expected. The question remains of whether the small vendors will be able to resist the big pharma and medica l companies dominance on the market once they decide to go all in.It all depends on the specific approach of the retailer. A few years ago the public opinion was that the whole CBD industry is just a pipe dream.Now there are a lot more serious companies that oversee the growth of CBD products in the market.Heather Darby, a hemp researcher at the University of Vermont Extension reports: Farmers and businesses scale up production quickly. About 2,000 hemps can be grown per acre generating around $50,000 and farmers are moving to a 50 acres production.An investment bank of Cowen Co based in New York released a study on the CBD market. Nearly 7% of the 2,500 polled interviewees said they had used CBD. Cowen analysts estimate that the revenue of the market will be $16 billion by 2025.Phoenix Tears, a company based in Denver has recently signed an agreement with Retail Services of MarketHub (a distributor for 7-Eleven franchisees) to get the CBD products in around 4,500 stores by the end of 2018.The agreement alone confirms that CBDs status of a mainstream wellness product is apparent.There are even CBD Training Academies that create crash courses to get you ready to run your CBD businesses and build partnership networks with other businesses that might help you further build your market. Source: www.hempbizjournal.com/If youre looking to get a lead on the best current developments, take a glimpse here.Here are also some leads on business advancements in CBD sales and market.For the CBD oil companies reviews and rankings, look here.POTENTIAL RISKS AND CHALLENGES OF VENTURING INTO HEMP GROWING INDUSTRYFirst of all, starting a business in CBD industry requires a lot more than just growing crops and selling the products.You have to have experts in the field of technology, biology, and chemistry and make sure that your products dont contain more than 0.3% THC or you will get charged and shut down.Because of its peculiar pollination (cannabis pollen can travel for miles), all it takes is one male marijuana plant to pollinate your whole crop and boost that THC which the law would view as illegal substance trafficking.Now, keeping a greenhouse female comes easy, but growing a female crop outdoors is where it really gets tough. Cannabis is abundant in the wild so there are hi gh chances of male plants pollinating your crop.The other possible risk of your products and thus business going bad are poor extractions. Extractions that leave behind chemical solvents such as butane or pesticides can be harmful and dangerous.There are potential risks in the market alone because no one can foresee how the law will change in the next couple of years and if the big pharma takes over the business, small business owners are done.For now, although its a fast-growing business and you can see CBD everywhere from pharmacies to chain stores and gas stations where they sell CBD in pet-gummies, there are still states wherein you may have a problem with the law even where the use of medical cannabis is legal.Other than that, there are many manufacturers that dont uphold the labels so no one really knows what it is theyre selling.TIPS ON STARTING YOUR OWN CBD BUSINESSFirst things first select a good name for your company. Your name should be easy to spell and easy to remember .Its wise to leave out any mention of cannabis, hemp or CBD in your name just to make sure you dont have any problems with the authorities.Also, select a name that can later allow you to expand your business because no one knows if youre really gonna stick to selling CBD products until the end.Start a limited liability company as it will cut your business expenses to the minimum.Create a bank account and again, don’t mention what exactly your business is about. Lets call it a health and nutrition business. Some banks are still hesitant to support CBD entrepreneurship as its unclear how it will fare with the law in the next decade. Even Shopify cards wont process CBD products.Design your logoIf you dont plan on growing crops yourself, then select the right partner to supply you with the goods. Check out already existing and well-rated brands. The number one factor of your business is always the quality of the product.You should start with the most popular products like oils, tinctu res, and vapes before you start experimenting with vaginal suppository, pet-gummies and such. 500 mg tinctures are our personal recommendation.Make your brochures and business cards. Don’t go all online. Grow your network, use social influencers, referrals, educational workshops in retirement centers and dorms or at health fairs, social gatherings.Visit kiosks at the mall, spas, doctors, chiropractors, pet stores, massage therapists and all the places where your products could be of use.The last but not the least Get to the market ASAP. Sell, sell, sell! Don’t try to learn everything from the books start selling as soon as possible and youll make all the necessary adjustments in your business later. You learn as you go!In the end, if you still feel that you need some theoretic knowledge, you can find everything you need on the internet. CONCLUSIONEven though the law is currently not that big of an obstacle, there are still many challenges to the successful business of CBD. The greater the challenge, the greater the revenue they say.Every challenge means that there will be fewer people that will dare to invest in the enterprise.In other words, the competition is still low and if you start early, youll be at an advantage.Theres a big demand for CBD in the market and if the pace continues its going to get even bigger.Big Pharma is bound to try and manipulate and regulate the whole thing sooner or later, but before it does, you have just enough time to run your small business with big passion and not go corporate.If you dont want to get corporate later, you can always sell your business to the suits.On the other hand, you can continue growing your crops or reselling your products and supplying the larger chains of business.At this point the business is huge and its not going to deflate anytime soon so its basically a gold mine if you have the guts, the stamina, and motivation to do it.As for motivation, it can be either the desire to contribute to global hea lth care or it can be a chase for the big bucks, but why not both?

From the Ostrich of the Mesozoic Era to Modern Birds

Youd think it would be an easy matter to tell the story of bird evolution—after all, it was the striking adaptations of finches on the Galapagos Islands that, in the 19th century, led Charles Darwin to formulate the theory of evolution. The fact is, though, that gaps in the geological record, differing interpretations of fossil remains, and the exact definition of the word bird have all prevented experts from coming to a consensus about the distant ancestry of our feathered friends. Still, most paleontologists agree on the broad outlines of the story, which goes as follows. The Birds of the Mesozoic Era Although its reputation as the first bird has been overblown, there are good reasons to consider Archaeopteryx the first animal to inhabit a place more on the bird than on the dinosaur end of the evolutionary spectrum. Dating from the late Jurassic period, about 150 million years ago, Archaeopteryx sported such avian features as feathers, wings, and a prominent beak, though it had some distinctly reptilian traits as well (including a long, bony tail, a flat breastbone, and three claws jutting out of each wing). Its not even certain that Archaeopteryx could fly for extended periods of time, though it would easily have fluttered from tree to tree. (Recently, researchers announced the discovery of another basal avilian, Aurornis, that predated Archaeopteryx by 10 million years; its unclear, though, if this was any more a true bird than Archaeopteryx was.) From whence did Archaeopteryx evolve? Heres where matters become a bit ambiguous. While its reasonable to assume that Archaeopteryx derived from small, bipedal dinosaurs (Compsognathus is often cited as a likely candidate, and then there are all those other basal avilians of the late Jurassic period), that doesnt necessarily mean that it lay at the root of the entire modern bird family. The fact is that evolution tends to repeat itself, and what we define as birds may have evolved multiple times during the Mesozoic Era—for example, its possible that two famous birds of the Cretaceous period, Ichthyornis and Confuciusornis, as well as the tiny, finch-like Iberomesornis, evolved independently from raptor or dino-bird forebears. But wait, things get even more confusing. Because of gaps in the fossil record, not only could birds have evolved multiple times during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, but they could also have de-evolved—that is, become secondarily flightless like modern ostriches, which we know descended from flying ancestors. Some paleontologists believe certain birds of the late Cretaceous, like Hesperornis and Gargantuavis, may have been secondarily flightless. And heres an even more dizzying idea: what if the small, feathered raptors and dino-birds of the age of dinosaurs were descended from birds, and not the other way around? A lot can happen in the space of tens of millions of years! (For example, modern birds have warm-blooded metabolisms; its entirely likely that small, feathered dinosaurs were warm-blooded as well.) Thunder Birds, Terror Birds, and the Demon Duck of Doom A few million years before the dinosaurs went extinct, they had pretty much disappeared from South America (which is a bit ironic, considering thats where the very first dinosaurs probably evolved, back in the late Triassic period). The evolutionary niches that had once been occupied by raptors and tyrannosaurs were quickly filled by large, flightless, carnivorous birds that preyed on smaller mammals and reptiles (not to mention other birds). These terror birds, as theyre called, were typified by genera like Phorusrhacos and the big-headed Andalgalornis and Kelenken, and prospered until a few million years ago (when a land bridge opened between North and South America and mammalian predators decimated the giant bird population). One genus of the terror bird, Titanis, managed to prosper in the southernmost reaches of North America; if it sounds familiar, thats because its the star of the horror novel The Flock.) South America wasnt the only continent to spawn a race of giant, predatory birds. The same thing happened about 30 million years later in similarly isolated Australia, as evidenced by Dromornis (Greek for running bird, even though it doesnt seem to have been particularly fast), some individuals of which attained heights of 10 feet and weights of 600 or 700 pounds. You might assume that Dromornis was a distant but direct relative of the modern Australian ostrich, but it seems to have been more closely related to ducks and geese. Dromornis appears to have gone extinct millions of years ago, but other, smaller thunder birds like Genyornis lasted well into early historical times until they were hunted to death by aboriginal human settlers. The most notorious of these flightless birds may be Bullockornis, not because it was particularly bigger or deadlier than Dromornis but because it has been given a particularly apt nickname: the Demon Duck of Doom. Rounding out the roster of giant, predatory birds is Aepyornis, which (wouldnt you know it) dominated another isolated ecosystem, the Indian Ocean island of Madagascar. Also known as the Elephant Bird, Aepyornis may have been the biggest bird of all time, weighing close to half a ton. Despite the legend that a full-grown Aepyornis could drag off a baby elephant, the fact is that this imposing bird was probably a vegetarian. A relatively late newcomer on the giant bird scene, Aepyornis evolved during the Pleistocene epoch and lasted well into historical times, until human settlers figured out that a single dead Aepyornis could feed a family of 12 for weeks! Victims of Civilization Although giant birds like Genyornis and Aepyornis were done in by early humans, most of the attention in this regard centers on three famous birds: the moas of New Zealand, the Dodo Bird of Mauritius (a small, remote island in the Indian Ocean), and the North American Passenger Pigeon. New Zealands moas formed a rich ecological community all by themselves: among them were the Giant Moa (Dinornis), the tallest bird in history at a height of 12 feet, the smaller Eastern Moa (Emeus), and assorted other picturesquely named genera such as the Heavy-Footed Moa (Pachyornis) and the Stout-Legged Moa (Euryapteryx). Unlike other flightless birds, which at least retained rudimentary stumps, moas completely lacked wings, and they seem to have been devoted vegetarians. You can figure out the rest for yourself: these gentle birds were completely unprepared for human settlers and didnt know enough to run away when threatened—the result being that the last moas went extinct about 500 years ago. (A similar fate befell a similar, but smaller, flightless bird, New Zealands Great Auk.) The Dodo Bird (genus name Raphus) wasnt nearly as big as the typical moa, but it evolved similar adaptations to its isolated island habitat. This small, plump, flightless, plant-eating bird led a pretty much care-free existence for hundreds of thousands of years until Portuguese traders discovered Mauritius in the 15th century. The Dodos that werent easily picked off by blunderbuss-wielding hunters were torn apart by (or succumbed to diseases carried by) the traders dogs and pigs, making them the poster birds for extinction down to the present day. Reading the above, you might get the mistaken impression that only fat, flightless birds can be hunted to extinction by humans. Nothing could be further from the truth, a case in point being the Passenger Pigeon (genus name Ectopistes, for wanderer.) This flying bird used to traverse the North American continent in flocks of literally billions of individuals, until overhunting (for food, sport, and pest control) rendered it extinct. The last known passenger pigeon died in 1914 at the Cincinnati Zoo, despite belated attempts at preservation.

Rhetorical Analysis Of Apollo 11 - 1257 Words

The worldwide attention brought about by the success of the Apollo 11 moon landing was used by many speakers and writers to push forward their own agenda or opinions using a variety of rhetorical appeals and strategies. The texts, â€Å"Man’s First Step on the Moon† , a news article by the Times of London, â€Å"In Event of Moon Disaster†, a prepared speech to be spoken by President Nixon written by William Safire, â€Å"The July 16, 1969, Launch: A Symbol of Man’s Greatness†, a commentary by philosopher Ayn Rand, and â€Å"Transported†, a political cartoon by Herblock, were all made in occasion of the Apollo 11 mission and directed toward the viewers worldwide but each with a different purpose and rhetorical appeal. Each of the four texts create an†¦show more content†¦This is done by establishing shared values between the speaker and audience and strong uses of pathos. Despite this speech being written by William Safire, it was to be spoken by President Nixon to establish automatic credibility due to him being the leader of the United States, one of the most powerful countries. This use of ethos strengthens the argument of persevering through this difficulty since the persona of the speaker is that of a compassionate, but stern figure that is meant to serve as inspiration as to how the audience should act. In addition, the persona works in conjunction with pathos to evoke strong emotions of sympathy and nationalism. This is seen in the third paragraph where the phrase, â€Å"They will be mourned..† is used as an anastrophe to greater emphasize the need to remember and feel sorrow for the brave astronauts who gave their lives to further humanity. Their sacrifice is later built further in the following paragraphs by comparing their achievements to those of ancient times and how they’ll never be forgotten. Safire’s speech utilizes the automatic credibility given by the president and emphasiz es key points using rhetorical devices to establish shared values in order to further evoke sympathy and later patriotism from the audience. Third, the commentary, â€Å"The July 16, 1969, Launch: A Symbol of Man’sShow MoreRelatedApollo 11 Rhetorical Analysis1073 Words   |  5 Pageswriters over time have used the available means of persuasion and making sure that they include what the rhetorical situation is. In the four texts about the 1969 Apollo 11 mission that talk about the first humans that landed on the moon, all were effective due to them showing ethos, pathos, logos and soaps which are the rhetorical appeals that one has to use when making an argument in a rhetorical situation. In the first given text, it shows soaps because it states who the speaker is which is, â€Å"theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of The Four Texts In Apollo 111136 Words   |  5 PagesThe four texts that I have read seem to all use a variety of rhetorical appeals. After analyzing them, I noticed each had a speaker, an occasion, an audience, a purpose and a subject. Not only did they use â€Å"SOAPS† but they also used ethos, logos, and pathos to strengthen their speeches and to really connect with the audience. They proved that they’re credible, then they used sources and quotations and eventually they hit the audience with emotions. In the first text, â€Å"Man Takes First Steps onRead MoreComm 215 Syllabus Essay1466 Words   |  6 Pagescourse covers the essential writing skills required for college-level coursework. Students will learn to distinguish between interpretive and analytical writing while using the writing process and specific rhetorical strategies to develop position and persuasion essays and a case study analysis, and learning teams will prepare an applied research paper. The course offers exercises for review of the elements of grammar, mechanics, style, citation, and proper documentation. Policies Faculty andRead MoreAnalysis of Tom Hanks Vassar Speech in 20051375 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis Tom Hanks Vassar Speech in 2005 Introduction Famous actors, musicians, politicians, artists and authors are often called upon to deliver commencement addresses at prestigious places of higher learning. It doesnt take Nobel-Prize-winning social scientists or psychologists, or speech professors to predict what these elite guest speakers will say on such occasions such as these. The speaker will tell the graduating class to aim high, never give up, make the most of opportunitiesRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pages AP Literary and Rhetorical Terms 1. 2. alliteration- Used for poetic effect, a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a group. The following line from Robert Frosts poem Acquainted with the Night provides us with an example of alliteration,: I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet. The repetition of the s sound creates a sense of quiet, reinforcing the meaning of the line 3. allegory – Where every aspect of a story is representative, usually symbolicRead MoreCoaching Salespeople Into Sales Champions110684 Words   |  443 Pagesnot cut out to be a coach.’’ The hard fact is there are managers who want to be coaches, managers who need to be coaches, and managers who shouldn’t be coaches, and probably shouldn’t be managers, either. Nine Barriers to Coaching a Sales Team 11 Companies that force all managers into a coaching role make a costly assumption that all of their managers would actually make great coaches, just like every college athlete should automatically make the pros. The rules work the same. Desire, attitude

Social class is linked to educational achievement Free Essays

string(97) " advantaged households who are able to afford the excess resources such as excursions and books\." It has been suggested that societal category is linked to educational accomplishment. The lower the socio-economic position of a household, so it is said, follows a form of low educational accomplishment. Conversely, kids from so called, center and upper category households in general tend to be higher winners academically than their on the job category equals, and are more likely to go to university. We will write a custom essay sample on Social class is linked to educational achievement or any similar topic only for you Order Now Research suggests that kids with parents in extremely paid professions are more likely to obtain higher classs in their GCSEs, take A degrees and so go on onto university than kids with parents in low paid manual employment. Therefore, it could be argued that a kids ability to go socially nomadic remains inactive, as it is likely that they will go on along the way of their parents. ( REFERENCE ) The research undertaken for this undertaking seeks to find if the same applies to maturate pupils either go toing Bath Spa University or maturate alumnuss known to the research workers. The research will try to look into whether or non there is any correlativity between parental societal category and that of the mature pupils and graduates educational accomplishments. The research will besides research the impression of societal mobility and seek to detect if the topics of the survey believe that they have or will, accomplish societal mobility due to their educational accomplishments. The consequences of this survey, if the result is favorable, could perchance assist to promote other mature pupils from lower socio-economic backgrounds into higher instruction. However, if the consequences seem to hold with old research, which argues that lower income households feel that the costs outweigh the benefits of higher instruction, and hence would non see university, so the research may hold an inauspicious affect and merely reenforce the fact that people feel that a university instruction is merely for the wealthy. The consequences of the survey could enable universities to nail jobs mature pupils face, which could enable them to explicate schemes to promote pupils from lower socio-economic backgrounds to use for a topographic point at university. However the consequences could reenforce the generalization or old research which suggests that kids from working category households are less likely to travel to university and hence deter people from even trying to travel through the application procedure. ( mention ) The consequences could besides assist to detect replies to go on the procedure of shuting the spread between societal category and educational accomplishment. However, if the findings suggests the opposite to already published research, eg, if our findings argue that societal category has no bearing on the educational accomplishment of the topics of the survey, so inquiries would necessitate to be asked as to why our survey appears to differ from the norm. ( mention ) Hypothesis. Does societal category affect educational accomplishment? This research will try to set up a nexus between societal category and educational accomplishment. As already stated in the debut, research ( current and historical ) suggests that low socio-economic position constantly leads to low educational accomplishment. The undermentioned research is intended to look into whether this generalized impression is true of the topics who volunteered to be interviewed for this undertaking. The variables to be measured will be that of ; the societal category of the topics parents and the educational accomplishments of the topic. Following on from this the research will besides try to set up whether or non the single topics have, or expect to accomplish, societal mobility due to their educational accomplishments. Literature reappraisal There are many pieces of research which have attempted to reply the inquiry ‘does societal category affect educational accomplishment ‘ . Assorted theories have been introduced as to the grounds why kids from lower societal categories appear to make less good academically than their more advantaged equals and as to why at that place seems to be a big spread in the consumption of university topographic points from people from low socio-economic backgrounds. Connor et Al ( 2001 ) found that there was a continuing and â€Å" long standing form of societal exclusion † of lower category groups in higher instruction. Their research suggests that there are legion factors which lead to the under-representation of the lower categories, including ; household background and support, and fiscal considerations. They besides make the interesting point that over the last 50 old ages statute law has been put in topographic point to guarantee that educational patterned advance is based on ability instead than wealth. However, their research seems to propose that the statute law has non been successful in accomplishing its purposes. Research conducted by Goldthorpe ( 1996 ) agrees with the findings of Connor et Al. goldthorpe provinces that the differences between societal category and educational attainment have changed really small since the beginning of the 1900 ‘s. It is suggested that kids from lower category households have remained more likely to go forth the instruction system once they have finished their compulsory instruction than their more financially advantaged equals. This could be due to the fact that parents with a higher economic position appear in general to put a higher value on instruction than the parents of kids from the lower categories. It has been suggested that the lower categories place more value on vocational and on the occupation developing instead than higher instruction. There has been research such as that by bowles and gintis ( 1976 ) that suggests that instruction is a signifier of ‘cultural reproduction ‘ . They argue that the dominant or higher categories use their power to guarantee ‘social structural reproduction ‘ . Therefore, it is suggested that societal control is maintained by the educational system by working category inequality. In practise schools would non lawfully be allowed to consciously discriminate against kids from lower societal categories. However, there may be unconscious favoritism. For illustration, kids are praised and given inducements such as certifications for stand outing in the schoolroom. Yet the kids more likely to stand out are those from more advantaged households who are able to afford the excess resources such as excursions and books. You read "Social class is linked to educational achievement" in category "Essay examples" Following on from this, Goodwin and le expansive ( 1987 ) suggest that those households in greatest demand are non the mark of educational subsidies. They argue that province support for instruction by and large merely helps the more financially advantaged households maintain their ability to come in higher instruction. However, although it could be argued that statute law, schools and support are all colored towards households of higher socio-economic position, Gambetta ( 1987 ) suggests that a kids ability to come in higher instruction is all due to their parents. Gambetta found that the picks parents made comparative to their kids ability was based on their perceived societal category. Therefore working category households were less ambitious with respects to their kids instruction than those of higher socio-economic position. As the above research suggests that societal category affects educational accomplishment in kids, it so has to be asked ‘does the same apply to adults? ‘ A study on higher instruction and societal category ( Bolton 2010 ) shows historical informations refering how societal category affected university engagement in the early twentieth century. The information shows that the per centum of entrants with male parents who have a manual business, and hence considered working category, were as follows ; 1928-1947 23 % 1955 25 % 1961 25 % As the authorities have introduced statute law to assist shut the spread between societal category and entryway to higher instruction at that place should perchance be additions in these Numberss in more recent times. However, informations from UCAS shows that in 2001 the Numberss were much the same as those shown supra. In 2001 merely 27 % of entrants were from a working category background. However, the study concluded that ; ‘since the mid 2000 ‘s ; immature people from disadvantaged countries are well more likely to come in higher instruction ‘ ( Bolton 2010 ) . However, a research paper entitled ‘ Social Class and Higher Education ‘ ( Connor et al 2001 ) commissioned by the Department for Education and Skills ( DfES ) suggests that there are many factors every bit good as societal category that affect possible pupils determinations to come in into higher instruction. The research workers province that ; â€Å" pupils from lower societal category backgrounds take into history a wider scope of issues than their opposite numbers in higher societal category groups when taking the determination to come in higher instruction † . The countries of concern for those from a working category background included the fiscal facet, nevertheless, they besides raised issues such as experiencing unable to get by with the work load, the application procedure and personal issues such as working during term clip and besides set uping child care. However, the chief issue does look to be that of a fiscal nature. Those from the lower classed either would instead get down paid employment every bit shortly as possible after go forthing mandatory instruction or they feel that the cost of analyzing at university outweighs the benefits. Despite the chief findings of this study being reasonably negative towards higher edication by the lower categories there were some positive facets. The participants of the survey from the lower categories who had decided to come in university did so with the belief that the makings that they would finally derive would intend that their calling preospects and future gaining possible were raised well. The little graduated table research undertaking which follows is slackly based on old research into societal category and higher instruction. If the published research is right so we should happen that societal category does in fact affect educational accomplishments in grownups. If our research corresponds with others, so we should happen that merely about 25 % of our participants who are from working category backgrounds have entered into higher instruction. Methodology. The focal point of this survey was to find whether or non socio-economic position had any impact on educational accomplishment. A series of inquiries were devised to be delivered in either a face to confront interview or by manner of an electronic mail questionnaire, depending on which was more practical, due to distance and clip restraints. Those topics who were asked to answer via electronic mail were asked to react in every bit much item as possible instead than merely yes or no replies. The purpose of the inquiries asked was to find the effects of the topics parents societal category and educational accomplishment on that of their kids. The initial inquiries asked were general inquiries to find the age, sex and location of the interviewee. This was followed by a set of inquiries to set up parental educational accomplishment and societal category. The inquiries besides attempted to set up whether or non their parents attitude towards instruction had any impact on the topics educational picks. The concluding set of inquiries sought to detect the educational accomplishments of the topic and their current or future socio-economic position. aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.of the topics are undergraduates and aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦of the questionnaires were completed by manner of face to confront interviews. Another aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.were conducted via electronic mail questionnaire. The interviews and questionnaires took about 10 proceedingss to finish. All of the persons who were asked to react did so. The determination to utilize interviews and questionnaires was taken because we felt that we could acquire a more unequivocal reply to our hypothesis this manner instead than a simple questionnaire that merely needed yes and no replies. However, there are restrictions when utilizing this method for research. Some of the inquiries which were asked were unfastened to sentiment and besides self-perception. Some of the information was besides 2nd manus as we had asked for information about parents. Once once more, this may non be entirely dependable as the topics were non asked for unequivocal cogent evidence of either their parents, or their ain educational accomplishment or societal position. Therefore, the research is based on the premise that the topics were true in the answering of the inquiries. There are other restrictions. The research was really little graduated table and therefore it could be argued that the sample of topics is non representative of the general population of under alumnuss and alumnuss in the United Kingdom. However, as a usher it could take to similar inquiries being asked on a larger graduated table to enable the theory that societal category does or does non hold an consequence on educational accomplishment, depending on the findings of this research, to be proved or disproved. With respects to the ethical considerations of this research, those who participated were ensured namelessness at all times. No names have been used in the write up of the research and merely the general location and age of the particiants have been documented. All participants were made aware of the grounds for the research and how the information they gave would be used. They were besides informed that a transcript of the finished research undertaking would be made available to them for their blessing, if they so requested, before it would be handed into the university. They were besides made aware that they could retreat their part at any clip before the entry day of the month. Findingss and decision The chief intent of our research undertaking was to find whether or non a on the job category background created a barrier to higher instruction for grownups in the same manner as antecedently mentioned research suggests it has on kids. The research argues that kids of mandatory school age are at a disadvantage educationally if they are from low income households and we wanted to look into as to whether or non this translated into maturity. Our findings seem to propose that low socio economic position does non restrict the opportunities of grownups come ining into higher instruction. Seven out of the 12 subjects interviewed categorised themselves as coming from a working category background and six of them had either gained grades or were analyzing for a grade at the present clip. This translates to about 86 % of people from lower category background come ining into higher instruction, whereas old research has stated that the norm is about 25 % . However the contradiction is likely due to the little graduated table of the undertaking which was undertaken. The other five participants considered themselves to be from a in-between category background and all five had enetered into higher instruction. Therefore, our little graduated table research undertaking seems to propose that there is no disadvantage in a individuals ability to derive makings from university or other higher instruction constitutions based soley on their on the job category background. It could be said that it is an persons ain motive and aspirations, or deficiency of both, that has the most impact on their educational accomplishment, instead than their on the job category background. One of the topics interviewed declared that her parents had ; â€Å" influenced me to travel out and accomplish what I want careless of category, money or background † . Bing at university as a mature pupil I felt that the result of our research would in fact find that category did non find educational accomplishment. However, it is a really little graduated table undertaking and could non be perceived to be dependable informations which reflects the educational accomplishments based on category for the state as a whole. The information could be seen as colored and undependable as eleven out the 12 subjects interviewed had been, or were presently at, university. Those interviewed were besides known to the research workers. If there had been a wholly random sample of topics from a shopping promenade for illustration at that place would hold perchance been a really different result. I feel that to do the research valid and dependable it would necessitate to be done on a much larger graduated table. The topics interviewed should be selected at random throughout the united land to enable a broad assortment of people and therefore a varied choice of repli es, which would perchance in bend produce more valid and dependable informations which would more likely correspond to old research in the same field. How to cite Social class is linked to educational achievement, Essay examples

Crime Prevention Strategies free essay sample

The focus of this paper will be based upon different crime prevention strategies implemented by members of the communities, local and government authorities. It will focus mainly on those practices involving community cooperation and portray how they are successful or unsuccessful in reducing criminality in high crime areas. Firstly, the topic of this research report in clearly stated below. The methods used to acquire the information contained in this research report are also described below. The literature review discusses the three main themes found in the allocated articles relating to community crime prevention. These include techniques to reduce juvenile crime; fear of crime between the community members and the social divides that are created by implementing community crime prevention strategies. The findings discuss, in depth, the effects on the three themes mentioned above once these prevention strategies were implemented. It gives examples of peoples experiences with crime and crime prevention. Finally the discussion presents the outcomes achieved, that are shown by the various uthors. It also touches on the government’s involvement and how it can be improved. The conclusion sums up all the findings in this report and gives an idea of future hope for less crime. Research Question (or hypothesis) ‘What are the leading practices in the field of community crime prevention? You can choose to either research and discuss a wide range of different community crime prevention strategies, or focus on an example of a particular technique and research its successes, limitations and applications. ’ The topic of this paper discusses community crime prevention. It talks about a range of different types of prevention strategies that are used to reduce or minimise crime targeted areas or fields. The various effects of these strategies are shown throughout the report. Research (including methodologies) Before composing this research report, the methodology exercised for this task was content analysis. Content analysis demands for the reader to read in between the lines. Its main requirement is to draw conclusions from the information presented and apply it to the point being made. The requirements of this methodology are to research and locate a range of reliable secondary resources, applying them to strengthen the argument of crime prevention. Primary research was not conducted as that would have been a more advanced project and is not part of the academic requirement for an undergraduate level. Many different databases were used such as the internet, university databases, academic libraries and Google scholar. Access to libraries and the internet were vital in achieving this task. The scholarly articles were beneficial to this task as the composers of these articles had conducted detailed research themselves, allowing their information to support the point being made in this task. Literature Review Many areas are now trying to implement community crime prevention in order to get citizens more involved in reducing or preventing crime in their neighbourhoods. The articles discuss the different techniques being used to implement this change. One main strategy is connecting the citizens to the criminals. By doing so the citizens are able to see the results that occur when people become criminals. The three main themes explored in these articles are: 1. Youth/ juvenile violence, 2. Social divide created between communities, and 3. Reducing fear of crime The philosophy of Robert Peel that â€Å"the police are the public and the public are the police†, is one that perfectly sums up the relationship between the police and the rest of the community (Lentz Chaires 2007). This quote suggests that law enforcement needs approval from citizens and residents of neighbourhoods to perform their duties correctly. Meaning, this requires the police to maintain an informed relationship with the community. By doing so they are reducing the reoccurrence of the themes in crime prevention mentioned above. Previously, there was not enough knowledge or resources amongst communities to raise awareness or organise crime prevention programs for juveniles. Today, schools together with police and community-based workers are aiming to provide the expertise to help create crime prevention programs for juveniles. It is believed that that one of the most active crime prevention strategies is effective intervention programs. A substantial number of crimes amongst adolescence are detected from anti-social behaviours. Youth need to be more involved in their community activities such as church associated groups, sports clubs, recreation centres (Dodington et al 2012, p. 1026). Other school organisations such as ‘Links to Learning’ helps adolescences engage in activities that will teach worthy skills for future work and careers. All these extracurricular activities will give youth less time to consider committing crimes and more time to become involved in the community. The National Crime Prevention 1999 quotes an improved understanding of the early childhood origins of juvenile delinquency highlights the opportunities for prevention programs† (Bor et al 2001, p. 5). One of the limitations of creating community based crime prevention and linking the citizens to crime and criminal is that it creates social divisions between citizens. Usually the higher and middle class citizens are involved in community project and the lower class citizens are left out. This makes the lower class citizens inferior and targeted for being the ones who are expected to commit acts of crime. This creates a division of ‘us’ (higher class) and ‘them’ (lower class). Ward (1997, p. 4) suggests â€Å"situational crime prevention approach may displace crime, tends to benefit middle and upper classes at the expense of the poor people, and may increase the fear of crime. It also may create a siege mentality, isolating individuals and families. He then further states that complaints, of disturbances, made to the police are not always filed. Firstly, the police are given the authority to decide whether the complaint is serious enough, secondly if the victim and criminal have met before and finally judging by the victims social class (Ward 1997, p. 5). In order to effectively reduce crime, relationships between communi ties and local authorities need to be addressed. The presence of police may be quite contradictory to residents, it can be comforting for some but disturbing for others. If residents are not aware of measures being taken by police to help prevent crime, they cannot assume their presence is positive but rather understand that more crime is occurring (Mesko et al 2007, p. 70). This will further increase the fear in residents caused by the occurrence of criminal activity in their neighbourhoods’. One resident of Hyde Park describes her lifestyle to have become based upon fear. Since her home was broken into 3 years ago, a gun is always present beside her through the night; the TV is on the entire time she is at home and an alarm system has been installed. The extreme fear is shown in these extra precautions, â€Å"When I come home late at night, I always blow my horn before I get out of the car, so I make sure that a neighbour is looking out. When I sleep at night, there are at least three lights on. † (Ward 1997, p. 5). Complaints have been made to the police, however not knowing the severity of the case; no serious action has been taken. This, again, clearly shows a lack of communication between authorities and their neighbourhoods. Findings It is very clear from the above review that great measures are being taken to try and reduce or even eliminate crime within communities. Law enforcement authorities originally would address crime; however, today citizens are becoming more active and involved in keeping their own communities safe. The results of the first theme, youth/juvenile violence, found that this violence originated from childhood behaviours and therefore should be addressed at these early stages. In doing so crimes committed by youth should be minimised. The main notion believed to reduce youth violence is ‘diversion’. Creating a distraction or alternative for youth is the only way to keep them from winding up face to face with the criminal justice system. This idea argued that juvenile offenders who are placed before the justice system are done more harm than good and are more likely to reoffend. On the other hand, diversions such as sporting activities or after school programs need to be created. These diversions will keep the minds of these ‘adults in the making’ off negative thoughts to commit crimes (Tilley 2005, p. 356). Detective Sergeant Heslop (1991), agreeing with the notion of diversion, states â€Å"Often there is little point in punishing an offender, as the punishment can be shown to be counterproductive. ] By charging them we are often condemning them to further and deeper involvement in the juvenile justice system, which is, it is submitted, a failure. † He also goes on to say that diversion is the greatest prevention tool and if used appropriately law enforcement can battle juvenile crime more efficiently. The next discussion was the social divide created within the communities when trying to imple ment crime prevention. Not all citizens were eager to work side by side with police to manage criminal activity. Studies show that people with higher levels of wealth and quality of life are more likely to cooperate with police as they have more to lose. However the rest of the general public, those classified to have lower levels of wealth and standards of living, were reluctant to become involved as they didn’t have much to lose and were viewed as those more likely to commit crimes (Mesko 2007, p. 84). This divide within the community allowed citizens of the higher class to feel a sense of empowerment through their involvement with the police and once again created isolation for those individuals classified as a part of the lower social class. However the people of the lower social class can also be to blame. It is asserted by Podolefsky (1983) that generally when crimes are committed and no action is taken, liability is placed upon the police. Community members prefer to abuse authorities rather than cooperate and help put criminals away (cited in Ward 1997, p. 5). The final theme discussed is reducing the fear of crime in citizens. Findings show that people are afraid for their safety and do not want to be victims of crime. As a result of this fear, rates of crimes are increasing. In order to relieve this fear people started using different methods to defend themselves such as carrying guns, knives and other protective weapons (Mesko 2007, p. 75). Ward (1997, p. 5) also proves this as â€Å"(a)lmost all residents and business owners interviewed either formally or informally owned guns and kept them nearby, ready for use. † Police are given the primary role of fighting crime and are expected to â€Å"eliminate all evil in society so that the ‘good citizen’ can live in freedom without living fear† (Mesko 2007 p. 81). But to give this role to police solely and not have community crime prevention programs will not guarantee reducing crime within communities and furthermore not reduce fear of crime. Discussion The main point for discussion in this research paper is that community development is a necessary approach to addressing crime and promoting justice in our nation (Acosta Chavis 2007, p. 653). Over the years, police were given the main responsibility to deal with crime; however the development of a community approach will allow members to engage in ddressing socials issues such as crime. This approach also gives member a responsibility to help maintain a safe living location. As pointed out in Acosta and Chavis (2007, p. 654) â€Å"In the community development approach, community members are responsible for solving community problems; to meet this responsibility, community members are given a voice and collective power to influence decisions and social outcomes that will affect their lives. † Some authors argue the effectiveness of an approach involving community crime prevention. The National Crime prevention Framework (Australian Institute of Criminology 2011) believes this approach has proved to be effective, with outcomes such as: †¢Reducing crime and other concerning problems within the community, †¢Increased safety and unity leading to less victimisation, †¢More emotional and psychological support for those who have been victims of crime, and †¢Reducing crimes by those who have previously offended or been engaged in antisocial behaviour. The efficiency of allowing the public to participate in the decision making related to crime, is also shown through the great outcomes achieved in the youth discipline. Partnerships were created with local universities that resulted in service learning programs and continuous student internships which were important in establishing students’ careers by putting them on the right path. Another great accomplishment was that students were achieving better results in school and their behaviours and negative attitudes were definitely improving (Pickens 2011, p. 19-21). An important outcome as clarified by Pickens (2011, p. 20) was â€Å"increasing youth’s awareness about risky behaviour, violence, weapons, drugs, and alcohol†, which was said to be the major motivation for all the other improvements. A topic that has been mentioned by various authors is the amount of government involvement in community crime prevention. It is suggested by Australian Institute of Criminology (2011) that first and foremost the government can help to minimise crime, â€Å"Governments can address factors that influence the opportunities for crime to occur through its various responsibilities in areas such as managing public space and building design, providing community recreational services and developing policies that affect local businesses and urban development processes. Furthermore, Greenberg and Rohe (1984) indicate â€Å"(t)he physical design and appearance of a community (i. e. , structural assets) affect criminal access†(cited in Acosta Chavis 2007, p. 654). Consequently, through developing safer public places governments can begin to create safer public environments. The articles and supporting documents used to assemble this research report were generally discussing very similar aspects of community crime prevention. Topics included juvenile crime prevention, the fear of crime that has been developing in citizens and the community crime prevention strategies that were being used to reduce and prevent crime within neighbourhoods. To increase the effectiveness of these approaches further research should be conducted in the areas of government participation. To take community crime prevention to the next level, local government should consider formalising or enforcing requirements that must be met by all citizens. All citizens should be expected to be involved in creating a safer and combined community. Conclusion Summing up, the involvement of community members in prime prevention is an effective technique. With the help of schools, police, and citizens crime has been reduced in youth, fear of crime has been minimised and social relationships strengthened. More communities should be encouraged to implement more strategies involving their citizens. A final thought is whether governments should consider enforcing community crime prevention in all areas to enable safer living environments.