Rhetorical Analysis Of Apollo 11 - 1257 Words

The worldwide attention brought about by the success of the Apollo 11 moon landing was used by many speakers and writers to push forward their own agenda or opinions using a variety of rhetorical appeals and strategies. The texts, â€Å"Man’s First Step on the Moon† , a news article by the Times of London, â€Å"In Event of Moon Disaster†, a prepared speech to be spoken by President Nixon written by William Safire, â€Å"The July 16, 1969, Launch: A Symbol of Man’s Greatness†, a commentary by philosopher Ayn Rand, and â€Å"Transported†, a political cartoon by Herblock, were all made in occasion of the Apollo 11 mission and directed toward the viewers worldwide but each with a different purpose and rhetorical appeal. Each of the four texts create an†¦show more content†¦This is done by establishing shared values between the speaker and audience and strong uses of pathos. Despite this speech being written by William Safire, it was to be spoken by President Nixon to establish automatic credibility due to him being the leader of the United States, one of the most powerful countries. This use of ethos strengthens the argument of persevering through this difficulty since the persona of the speaker is that of a compassionate, but stern figure that is meant to serve as inspiration as to how the audience should act. In addition, the persona works in conjunction with pathos to evoke strong emotions of sympathy and nationalism. This is seen in the third paragraph where the phrase, â€Å"They will be mourned..† is used as an anastrophe to greater emphasize the need to remember and feel sorrow for the brave astronauts who gave their lives to further humanity. Their sacrifice is later built further in the following paragraphs by comparing their achievements to those of ancient times and how they’ll never be forgotten. Safire’s speech utilizes the automatic credibility given by the president and emphasiz es key points using rhetorical devices to establish shared values in order to further evoke sympathy and later patriotism from the audience. Third, the commentary, â€Å"The July 16, 1969, Launch: A Symbol of Man’sShow MoreRelatedApollo 11 Rhetorical Analysis1073 Words   |  5 Pageswriters over time have used the available means of persuasion and making sure that they include what the rhetorical situation is. In the four texts about the 1969 Apollo 11 mission that talk about the first humans that landed on the moon, all were effective due to them showing ethos, pathos, logos and soaps which are the rhetorical appeals that one has to use when making an argument in a rhetorical situation. In the first given text, it shows soaps because it states who the speaker is which is, â€Å"theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of The Four Texts In Apollo 111136 Words   |  5 PagesThe four texts that I have read seem to all use a variety of rhetorical appeals. After analyzing them, I noticed each had a speaker, an occasion, an audience, a purpose and a subject. Not only did they use â€Å"SOAPS† but they also used ethos, logos, and pathos to strengthen their speeches and to really connect with the audience. They proved that they’re credible, then they used sources and quotations and eventually they hit the audience with emotions. In the first text, â€Å"Man Takes First Steps onRead MoreComm 215 Syllabus Essay1466 Words   |  6 Pagescourse covers the essential writing skills required for college-level coursework. Students will learn to distinguish between interpretive and analytical writing while using the writing process and specific rhetorical strategies to develop position and persuasion essays and a case study analysis, and learning teams will prepare an applied research paper. The course offers exercises for review of the elements of grammar, mechanics, style, citation, and proper documentation. Policies Faculty andRead MoreAnalysis of Tom Hanks Vassar Speech in 20051375 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis Tom Hanks Vassar Speech in 2005 Introduction Famous actors, musicians, politicians, artists and authors are often called upon to deliver commencement addresses at prestigious places of higher learning. It doesnt take Nobel-Prize-winning social scientists or psychologists, or speech professors to predict what these elite guest speakers will say on such occasions such as these. The speaker will tell the graduating class to aim high, never give up, make the most of opportunitiesRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pages AP Literary and Rhetorical Terms 1. 2. alliteration- Used for poetic effect, a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a group. The following line from Robert Frosts poem Acquainted with the Night provides us with an example of alliteration,: I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet. The repetition of the s sound creates a sense of quiet, reinforcing the meaning of the line 3. allegory – Where every aspect of a story is representative, usually symbolicRead MoreCoaching Salespeople Into Sales Champions110684 Words   |  443 Pagesnot cut out to be a coach.’’ The hard fact is there are managers who want to be coaches, managers who need to be coaches, and managers who shouldn’t be coaches, and probably shouldn’t be managers, either. Nine Barriers to Coaching a Sales Team 11 Companies that force all managers into a coaching role make a costly assumption that all of their managers would actually make great coaches, just like every college athlete should automatically make the pros. The rules work the same. Desire, attitude

Social class is linked to educational achievement Free Essays

string(97) " advantaged households who are able to afford the excess resources such as excursions and books\." It has been suggested that societal category is linked to educational accomplishment. The lower the socio-economic position of a household, so it is said, follows a form of low educational accomplishment. Conversely, kids from so called, center and upper category households in general tend to be higher winners academically than their on the job category equals, and are more likely to go to university. We will write a custom essay sample on Social class is linked to educational achievement or any similar topic only for you Order Now Research suggests that kids with parents in extremely paid professions are more likely to obtain higher classs in their GCSEs, take A degrees and so go on onto university than kids with parents in low paid manual employment. Therefore, it could be argued that a kids ability to go socially nomadic remains inactive, as it is likely that they will go on along the way of their parents. ( REFERENCE ) The research undertaken for this undertaking seeks to find if the same applies to maturate pupils either go toing Bath Spa University or maturate alumnuss known to the research workers. The research will try to look into whether or non there is any correlativity between parental societal category and that of the mature pupils and graduates educational accomplishments. The research will besides research the impression of societal mobility and seek to detect if the topics of the survey believe that they have or will, accomplish societal mobility due to their educational accomplishments. The consequences of this survey, if the result is favorable, could perchance assist to promote other mature pupils from lower socio-economic backgrounds into higher instruction. However, if the consequences seem to hold with old research, which argues that lower income households feel that the costs outweigh the benefits of higher instruction, and hence would non see university, so the research may hold an inauspicious affect and merely reenforce the fact that people feel that a university instruction is merely for the wealthy. The consequences of the survey could enable universities to nail jobs mature pupils face, which could enable them to explicate schemes to promote pupils from lower socio-economic backgrounds to use for a topographic point at university. However the consequences could reenforce the generalization or old research which suggests that kids from working category households are less likely to travel to university and hence deter people from even trying to travel through the application procedure. ( mention ) The consequences could besides assist to detect replies to go on the procedure of shuting the spread between societal category and educational accomplishment. However, if the findings suggests the opposite to already published research, eg, if our findings argue that societal category has no bearing on the educational accomplishment of the topics of the survey, so inquiries would necessitate to be asked as to why our survey appears to differ from the norm. ( mention ) Hypothesis. Does societal category affect educational accomplishment? This research will try to set up a nexus between societal category and educational accomplishment. As already stated in the debut, research ( current and historical ) suggests that low socio-economic position constantly leads to low educational accomplishment. The undermentioned research is intended to look into whether this generalized impression is true of the topics who volunteered to be interviewed for this undertaking. The variables to be measured will be that of ; the societal category of the topics parents and the educational accomplishments of the topic. Following on from this the research will besides try to set up whether or non the single topics have, or expect to accomplish, societal mobility due to their educational accomplishments. Literature reappraisal There are many pieces of research which have attempted to reply the inquiry ‘does societal category affect educational accomplishment ‘ . Assorted theories have been introduced as to the grounds why kids from lower societal categories appear to make less good academically than their more advantaged equals and as to why at that place seems to be a big spread in the consumption of university topographic points from people from low socio-economic backgrounds. Connor et Al ( 2001 ) found that there was a continuing and â€Å" long standing form of societal exclusion † of lower category groups in higher instruction. Their research suggests that there are legion factors which lead to the under-representation of the lower categories, including ; household background and support, and fiscal considerations. They besides make the interesting point that over the last 50 old ages statute law has been put in topographic point to guarantee that educational patterned advance is based on ability instead than wealth. However, their research seems to propose that the statute law has non been successful in accomplishing its purposes. Research conducted by Goldthorpe ( 1996 ) agrees with the findings of Connor et Al. goldthorpe provinces that the differences between societal category and educational attainment have changed really small since the beginning of the 1900 ‘s. It is suggested that kids from lower category households have remained more likely to go forth the instruction system once they have finished their compulsory instruction than their more financially advantaged equals. This could be due to the fact that parents with a higher economic position appear in general to put a higher value on instruction than the parents of kids from the lower categories. It has been suggested that the lower categories place more value on vocational and on the occupation developing instead than higher instruction. There has been research such as that by bowles and gintis ( 1976 ) that suggests that instruction is a signifier of ‘cultural reproduction ‘ . They argue that the dominant or higher categories use their power to guarantee ‘social structural reproduction ‘ . Therefore, it is suggested that societal control is maintained by the educational system by working category inequality. In practise schools would non lawfully be allowed to consciously discriminate against kids from lower societal categories. However, there may be unconscious favoritism. For illustration, kids are praised and given inducements such as certifications for stand outing in the schoolroom. Yet the kids more likely to stand out are those from more advantaged households who are able to afford the excess resources such as excursions and books. You read "Social class is linked to educational achievement" in category "Essay examples" Following on from this, Goodwin and le expansive ( 1987 ) suggest that those households in greatest demand are non the mark of educational subsidies. They argue that province support for instruction by and large merely helps the more financially advantaged households maintain their ability to come in higher instruction. However, although it could be argued that statute law, schools and support are all colored towards households of higher socio-economic position, Gambetta ( 1987 ) suggests that a kids ability to come in higher instruction is all due to their parents. Gambetta found that the picks parents made comparative to their kids ability was based on their perceived societal category. Therefore working category households were less ambitious with respects to their kids instruction than those of higher socio-economic position. As the above research suggests that societal category affects educational accomplishment in kids, it so has to be asked ‘does the same apply to adults? ‘ A study on higher instruction and societal category ( Bolton 2010 ) shows historical informations refering how societal category affected university engagement in the early twentieth century. The information shows that the per centum of entrants with male parents who have a manual business, and hence considered working category, were as follows ; 1928-1947 23 % 1955 25 % 1961 25 % As the authorities have introduced statute law to assist shut the spread between societal category and entryway to higher instruction at that place should perchance be additions in these Numberss in more recent times. However, informations from UCAS shows that in 2001 the Numberss were much the same as those shown supra. In 2001 merely 27 % of entrants were from a working category background. However, the study concluded that ; ‘since the mid 2000 ‘s ; immature people from disadvantaged countries are well more likely to come in higher instruction ‘ ( Bolton 2010 ) . However, a research paper entitled ‘ Social Class and Higher Education ‘ ( Connor et al 2001 ) commissioned by the Department for Education and Skills ( DfES ) suggests that there are many factors every bit good as societal category that affect possible pupils determinations to come in into higher instruction. The research workers province that ; â€Å" pupils from lower societal category backgrounds take into history a wider scope of issues than their opposite numbers in higher societal category groups when taking the determination to come in higher instruction † . The countries of concern for those from a working category background included the fiscal facet, nevertheless, they besides raised issues such as experiencing unable to get by with the work load, the application procedure and personal issues such as working during term clip and besides set uping child care. However, the chief issue does look to be that of a fiscal nature. Those from the lower classed either would instead get down paid employment every bit shortly as possible after go forthing mandatory instruction or they feel that the cost of analyzing at university outweighs the benefits. Despite the chief findings of this study being reasonably negative towards higher edication by the lower categories there were some positive facets. The participants of the survey from the lower categories who had decided to come in university did so with the belief that the makings that they would finally derive would intend that their calling preospects and future gaining possible were raised well. The little graduated table research undertaking which follows is slackly based on old research into societal category and higher instruction. If the published research is right so we should happen that societal category does in fact affect educational accomplishments in grownups. If our research corresponds with others, so we should happen that merely about 25 % of our participants who are from working category backgrounds have entered into higher instruction. Methodology. The focal point of this survey was to find whether or non socio-economic position had any impact on educational accomplishment. A series of inquiries were devised to be delivered in either a face to confront interview or by manner of an electronic mail questionnaire, depending on which was more practical, due to distance and clip restraints. Those topics who were asked to answer via electronic mail were asked to react in every bit much item as possible instead than merely yes or no replies. The purpose of the inquiries asked was to find the effects of the topics parents societal category and educational accomplishment on that of their kids. The initial inquiries asked were general inquiries to find the age, sex and location of the interviewee. This was followed by a set of inquiries to set up parental educational accomplishment and societal category. The inquiries besides attempted to set up whether or non their parents attitude towards instruction had any impact on the topics educational picks. The concluding set of inquiries sought to detect the educational accomplishments of the topic and their current or future socio-economic position. aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.of the topics are undergraduates and aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦of the questionnaires were completed by manner of face to confront interviews. Another aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.were conducted via electronic mail questionnaire. The interviews and questionnaires took about 10 proceedingss to finish. All of the persons who were asked to react did so. The determination to utilize interviews and questionnaires was taken because we felt that we could acquire a more unequivocal reply to our hypothesis this manner instead than a simple questionnaire that merely needed yes and no replies. However, there are restrictions when utilizing this method for research. Some of the inquiries which were asked were unfastened to sentiment and besides self-perception. Some of the information was besides 2nd manus as we had asked for information about parents. Once once more, this may non be entirely dependable as the topics were non asked for unequivocal cogent evidence of either their parents, or their ain educational accomplishment or societal position. Therefore, the research is based on the premise that the topics were true in the answering of the inquiries. There are other restrictions. The research was really little graduated table and therefore it could be argued that the sample of topics is non representative of the general population of under alumnuss and alumnuss in the United Kingdom. However, as a usher it could take to similar inquiries being asked on a larger graduated table to enable the theory that societal category does or does non hold an consequence on educational accomplishment, depending on the findings of this research, to be proved or disproved. With respects to the ethical considerations of this research, those who participated were ensured namelessness at all times. No names have been used in the write up of the research and merely the general location and age of the particiants have been documented. All participants were made aware of the grounds for the research and how the information they gave would be used. They were besides informed that a transcript of the finished research undertaking would be made available to them for their blessing, if they so requested, before it would be handed into the university. They were besides made aware that they could retreat their part at any clip before the entry day of the month. Findingss and decision The chief intent of our research undertaking was to find whether or non a on the job category background created a barrier to higher instruction for grownups in the same manner as antecedently mentioned research suggests it has on kids. The research argues that kids of mandatory school age are at a disadvantage educationally if they are from low income households and we wanted to look into as to whether or non this translated into maturity. Our findings seem to propose that low socio economic position does non restrict the opportunities of grownups come ining into higher instruction. Seven out of the 12 subjects interviewed categorised themselves as coming from a working category background and six of them had either gained grades or were analyzing for a grade at the present clip. This translates to about 86 % of people from lower category background come ining into higher instruction, whereas old research has stated that the norm is about 25 % . However the contradiction is likely due to the little graduated table of the undertaking which was undertaken. The other five participants considered themselves to be from a in-between category background and all five had enetered into higher instruction. Therefore, our little graduated table research undertaking seems to propose that there is no disadvantage in a individuals ability to derive makings from university or other higher instruction constitutions based soley on their on the job category background. It could be said that it is an persons ain motive and aspirations, or deficiency of both, that has the most impact on their educational accomplishment, instead than their on the job category background. One of the topics interviewed declared that her parents had ; â€Å" influenced me to travel out and accomplish what I want careless of category, money or background † . Bing at university as a mature pupil I felt that the result of our research would in fact find that category did non find educational accomplishment. However, it is a really little graduated table undertaking and could non be perceived to be dependable informations which reflects the educational accomplishments based on category for the state as a whole. The information could be seen as colored and undependable as eleven out the 12 subjects interviewed had been, or were presently at, university. Those interviewed were besides known to the research workers. If there had been a wholly random sample of topics from a shopping promenade for illustration at that place would hold perchance been a really different result. I feel that to do the research valid and dependable it would necessitate to be done on a much larger graduated table. The topics interviewed should be selected at random throughout the united land to enable a broad assortment of people and therefore a varied choice of repli es, which would perchance in bend produce more valid and dependable informations which would more likely correspond to old research in the same field. How to cite Social class is linked to educational achievement, Essay examples

Crime Prevention Strategies free essay sample

The focus of this paper will be based upon different crime prevention strategies implemented by members of the communities, local and government authorities. It will focus mainly on those practices involving community cooperation and portray how they are successful or unsuccessful in reducing criminality in high crime areas. Firstly, the topic of this research report in clearly stated below. The methods used to acquire the information contained in this research report are also described below. The literature review discusses the three main themes found in the allocated articles relating to community crime prevention. These include techniques to reduce juvenile crime; fear of crime between the community members and the social divides that are created by implementing community crime prevention strategies. The findings discuss, in depth, the effects on the three themes mentioned above once these prevention strategies were implemented. It gives examples of peoples experiences with crime and crime prevention. Finally the discussion presents the outcomes achieved, that are shown by the various uthors. It also touches on the government’s involvement and how it can be improved. The conclusion sums up all the findings in this report and gives an idea of future hope for less crime. Research Question (or hypothesis) ‘What are the leading practices in the field of community crime prevention? You can choose to either research and discuss a wide range of different community crime prevention strategies, or focus on an example of a particular technique and research its successes, limitations and applications. ’ The topic of this paper discusses community crime prevention. It talks about a range of different types of prevention strategies that are used to reduce or minimise crime targeted areas or fields. The various effects of these strategies are shown throughout the report. Research (including methodologies) Before composing this research report, the methodology exercised for this task was content analysis. Content analysis demands for the reader to read in between the lines. Its main requirement is to draw conclusions from the information presented and apply it to the point being made. The requirements of this methodology are to research and locate a range of reliable secondary resources, applying them to strengthen the argument of crime prevention. Primary research was not conducted as that would have been a more advanced project and is not part of the academic requirement for an undergraduate level. Many different databases were used such as the internet, university databases, academic libraries and Google scholar. Access to libraries and the internet were vital in achieving this task. The scholarly articles were beneficial to this task as the composers of these articles had conducted detailed research themselves, allowing their information to support the point being made in this task. Literature Review Many areas are now trying to implement community crime prevention in order to get citizens more involved in reducing or preventing crime in their neighbourhoods. The articles discuss the different techniques being used to implement this change. One main strategy is connecting the citizens to the criminals. By doing so the citizens are able to see the results that occur when people become criminals. The three main themes explored in these articles are: 1. Youth/ juvenile violence, 2. Social divide created between communities, and 3. Reducing fear of crime The philosophy of Robert Peel that â€Å"the police are the public and the public are the police†, is one that perfectly sums up the relationship between the police and the rest of the community (Lentz Chaires 2007). This quote suggests that law enforcement needs approval from citizens and residents of neighbourhoods to perform their duties correctly. Meaning, this requires the police to maintain an informed relationship with the community. By doing so they are reducing the reoccurrence of the themes in crime prevention mentioned above. Previously, there was not enough knowledge or resources amongst communities to raise awareness or organise crime prevention programs for juveniles. Today, schools together with police and community-based workers are aiming to provide the expertise to help create crime prevention programs for juveniles. It is believed that that one of the most active crime prevention strategies is effective intervention programs. A substantial number of crimes amongst adolescence are detected from anti-social behaviours. Youth need to be more involved in their community activities such as church associated groups, sports clubs, recreation centres (Dodington et al 2012, p. 1026). Other school organisations such as ‘Links to Learning’ helps adolescences engage in activities that will teach worthy skills for future work and careers. All these extracurricular activities will give youth less time to consider committing crimes and more time to become involved in the community. The National Crime Prevention 1999 quotes an improved understanding of the early childhood origins of juvenile delinquency highlights the opportunities for prevention programs† (Bor et al 2001, p. 5). One of the limitations of creating community based crime prevention and linking the citizens to crime and criminal is that it creates social divisions between citizens. Usually the higher and middle class citizens are involved in community project and the lower class citizens are left out. This makes the lower class citizens inferior and targeted for being the ones who are expected to commit acts of crime. This creates a division of ‘us’ (higher class) and ‘them’ (lower class). Ward (1997, p. 4) suggests â€Å"situational crime prevention approach may displace crime, tends to benefit middle and upper classes at the expense of the poor people, and may increase the fear of crime. It also may create a siege mentality, isolating individuals and families. He then further states that complaints, of disturbances, made to the police are not always filed. Firstly, the police are given the authority to decide whether the complaint is serious enough, secondly if the victim and criminal have met before and finally judging by the victims social class (Ward 1997, p. 5). In order to effectively reduce crime, relationships between communi ties and local authorities need to be addressed. The presence of police may be quite contradictory to residents, it can be comforting for some but disturbing for others. If residents are not aware of measures being taken by police to help prevent crime, they cannot assume their presence is positive but rather understand that more crime is occurring (Mesko et al 2007, p. 70). This will further increase the fear in residents caused by the occurrence of criminal activity in their neighbourhoods’. One resident of Hyde Park describes her lifestyle to have become based upon fear. Since her home was broken into 3 years ago, a gun is always present beside her through the night; the TV is on the entire time she is at home and an alarm system has been installed. The extreme fear is shown in these extra precautions, â€Å"When I come home late at night, I always blow my horn before I get out of the car, so I make sure that a neighbour is looking out. When I sleep at night, there are at least three lights on. † (Ward 1997, p. 5). Complaints have been made to the police, however not knowing the severity of the case; no serious action has been taken. This, again, clearly shows a lack of communication between authorities and their neighbourhoods. Findings It is very clear from the above review that great measures are being taken to try and reduce or even eliminate crime within communities. Law enforcement authorities originally would address crime; however, today citizens are becoming more active and involved in keeping their own communities safe. The results of the first theme, youth/juvenile violence, found that this violence originated from childhood behaviours and therefore should be addressed at these early stages. In doing so crimes committed by youth should be minimised. The main notion believed to reduce youth violence is ‘diversion’. Creating a distraction or alternative for youth is the only way to keep them from winding up face to face with the criminal justice system. This idea argued that juvenile offenders who are placed before the justice system are done more harm than good and are more likely to reoffend. On the other hand, diversions such as sporting activities or after school programs need to be created. These diversions will keep the minds of these ‘adults in the making’ off negative thoughts to commit crimes (Tilley 2005, p. 356). Detective Sergeant Heslop (1991), agreeing with the notion of diversion, states â€Å"Often there is little point in punishing an offender, as the punishment can be shown to be counterproductive. ] By charging them we are often condemning them to further and deeper involvement in the juvenile justice system, which is, it is submitted, a failure. † He also goes on to say that diversion is the greatest prevention tool and if used appropriately law enforcement can battle juvenile crime more efficiently. The next discussion was the social divide created within the communities when trying to imple ment crime prevention. Not all citizens were eager to work side by side with police to manage criminal activity. Studies show that people with higher levels of wealth and quality of life are more likely to cooperate with police as they have more to lose. However the rest of the general public, those classified to have lower levels of wealth and standards of living, were reluctant to become involved as they didn’t have much to lose and were viewed as those more likely to commit crimes (Mesko 2007, p. 84). This divide within the community allowed citizens of the higher class to feel a sense of empowerment through their involvement with the police and once again created isolation for those individuals classified as a part of the lower social class. However the people of the lower social class can also be to blame. It is asserted by Podolefsky (1983) that generally when crimes are committed and no action is taken, liability is placed upon the police. Community members prefer to abuse authorities rather than cooperate and help put criminals away (cited in Ward 1997, p. 5). The final theme discussed is reducing the fear of crime in citizens. Findings show that people are afraid for their safety and do not want to be victims of crime. As a result of this fear, rates of crimes are increasing. In order to relieve this fear people started using different methods to defend themselves such as carrying guns, knives and other protective weapons (Mesko 2007, p. 75). Ward (1997, p. 5) also proves this as â€Å"(a)lmost all residents and business owners interviewed either formally or informally owned guns and kept them nearby, ready for use. † Police are given the primary role of fighting crime and are expected to â€Å"eliminate all evil in society so that the ‘good citizen’ can live in freedom without living fear† (Mesko 2007 p. 81). But to give this role to police solely and not have community crime prevention programs will not guarantee reducing crime within communities and furthermore not reduce fear of crime. Discussion The main point for discussion in this research paper is that community development is a necessary approach to addressing crime and promoting justice in our nation (Acosta Chavis 2007, p. 653). Over the years, police were given the main responsibility to deal with crime; however the development of a community approach will allow members to engage in ddressing socials issues such as crime. This approach also gives member a responsibility to help maintain a safe living location. As pointed out in Acosta and Chavis (2007, p. 654) â€Å"In the community development approach, community members are responsible for solving community problems; to meet this responsibility, community members are given a voice and collective power to influence decisions and social outcomes that will affect their lives. † Some authors argue the effectiveness of an approach involving community crime prevention. The National Crime prevention Framework (Australian Institute of Criminology 2011) believes this approach has proved to be effective, with outcomes such as: †¢Reducing crime and other concerning problems within the community, †¢Increased safety and unity leading to less victimisation, †¢More emotional and psychological support for those who have been victims of crime, and †¢Reducing crimes by those who have previously offended or been engaged in antisocial behaviour. The efficiency of allowing the public to participate in the decision making related to crime, is also shown through the great outcomes achieved in the youth discipline. Partnerships were created with local universities that resulted in service learning programs and continuous student internships which were important in establishing students’ careers by putting them on the right path. Another great accomplishment was that students were achieving better results in school and their behaviours and negative attitudes were definitely improving (Pickens 2011, p. 19-21). An important outcome as clarified by Pickens (2011, p. 20) was â€Å"increasing youth’s awareness about risky behaviour, violence, weapons, drugs, and alcohol†, which was said to be the major motivation for all the other improvements. A topic that has been mentioned by various authors is the amount of government involvement in community crime prevention. It is suggested by Australian Institute of Criminology (2011) that first and foremost the government can help to minimise crime, â€Å"Governments can address factors that influence the opportunities for crime to occur through its various responsibilities in areas such as managing public space and building design, providing community recreational services and developing policies that affect local businesses and urban development processes. Furthermore, Greenberg and Rohe (1984) indicate â€Å"(t)he physical design and appearance of a community (i. e. , structural assets) affect criminal access†(cited in Acosta Chavis 2007, p. 654). Consequently, through developing safer public places governments can begin to create safer public environments. The articles and supporting documents used to assemble this research report were generally discussing very similar aspects of community crime prevention. Topics included juvenile crime prevention, the fear of crime that has been developing in citizens and the community crime prevention strategies that were being used to reduce and prevent crime within neighbourhoods. To increase the effectiveness of these approaches further research should be conducted in the areas of government participation. To take community crime prevention to the next level, local government should consider formalising or enforcing requirements that must be met by all citizens. All citizens should be expected to be involved in creating a safer and combined community. Conclusion Summing up, the involvement of community members in prime prevention is an effective technique. With the help of schools, police, and citizens crime has been reduced in youth, fear of crime has been minimised and social relationships strengthened. More communities should be encouraged to implement more strategies involving their citizens. A final thought is whether governments should consider enforcing community crime prevention in all areas to enable safer living environments.

Francois Viete Essays - Franois Vite, Catherine De Parthenay

Francois Viete Francois Viete was born in in the city Fontenay-le-Comte, in the province of Poitou which is now the province of now Vend?e, in the year 1540. Viete died in Paris, on February the 23rd in 1603. Viete's father worked as a lawyer and a government official. Viete's father was Etienne Viete, as a lawyer worked in Fontenay France. He also worked as a notary in Le Busseau. Viete's grandfather worked as a merchant in the town of Foussay in Lower region of the province Poitou. Vi?te's mother was the first cousin to , the President of the Parliament de Paris under the League, Barnab? Brisson. He did his first studies of law in his home town of Fontenay, in 1555, before moving on to study at the University of Poitiers where he later earned his bachelors degree in 1560, at that time he also got his law practicing license. Francios Viete was a Catholic but since he served Huguenot clients his enemies had him banished from court, and from mathematical work from between 1584 and 1589. Another reason for his banishment from court and mathematical studies, especially his ideas on algebra was political intrigue. The first scientific work he ever did is from this time period, which involved things that would occupy him for the rest of his life, most of the work he did do was in math. In 1571 Vi?te published his books, Canon mathematicus, seu ad triangula cum appendicibus, which is Mathematical Canon with an Appendix on Trigonometry. He wanted to use this to form a preliminary mathematical piece of a study on the Ptolemaic astronomical model. In 1595 he started writing to and receiving letters from Adrianus Romanus about a problem he noticed in 1593. Adrianus liked Viete's solution so much for the 45th degree equation that Adrianus went to Fontenay to meet Viete. After going home to Fontenay from the University he worked for Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1561, Marie Stuart in 1564, the Queen of Navarre, and Henri de Bourbon. After working as a lawyer from 1560 through 1564 as a lawyer, Francois Viete quit working as a lawyer. In 1564 he acquired the position of secretaire particulier to Antoinette d'Aubeterre, and was also given the responsibility to tutor her daughter, Catherine de Parthenay. Francios Viete's service to Catherine's family bought him to La Rochelle ,France, and then to Paris. Vi?te became a friend of Catherine during the time he spent tutoring her, and he became her loyal and trusted adviser for the rest of his life. Vi?te was a very serious teacher, he prepared discussions for many different topics one of which was science. from 1570 to 1573 he worked for the Parliament of Paris. In 1573 King Charles IX made him counselor of the Parliament of Brittany, at Rennes. For six years, from 1574 to 1580, he was often away on business of King Charles IX who had him do various tasks. In 1589 Henry III called Vi?te back to serve as counselor to the parliament, which Henry had relocated to Tours. After King Henri III died, Vi?te worked for King Henri IV in the war with Spain, Francois Viete decoded letters that had been intercepted. After that he worked as maitre des requetes and he was member of Henri's privy council. Also during that time he was a member of the Parliament of Paris. Except for between the years 1584 and 1589 he was in favor of King Charles IX, King Henri III, and King Henri IV. Works Cited Microsoft Corporation, Microsoft Encarta, 96 Encyclopedia, copyright 1993-1995 Grolier Electronic Publishing Inc., copyright 1993 Great Mathematicians, W. Walsh, Portland, 1980 http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/Catalog/Files/ viete.html http://www.lib.virginia.edu/science/parshall/viete.html http://www-gap.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/ mathematicians/viete.html

Simulation Reflection Essays

Simulation Reflection Essays Simulation Reflection Paper Simulation Reflection Paper This paper is a reflection on three simulations as each relates to strategic planning. The first simulation, â€Å"Thinking Strategically,† highlights the importance of environmental scanning. The second simulation, â€Å"Developing Grand Strategies,† challenged decisions made for a company which lead to effective strategy formulation and choices. The third simulation, â€Å"Creating a Strategic Road Map,† provided a simulated experience of how to build a strategic roadmap focusing on the importance and effectiveness of formulating action plans and goals. This reflective approach will convey the lessons learned relative to the importance and effectiveness of the key learning points obtained through each simulation. The challenges faced by strategic planners will be discussed from the discoveries of lessons learned in the three simulations. Environmental scanning provides the opportunity for detailed insight for a company’s current position as well as desired position in the industry. Scanning discoveries provide the company with awareness to warnings signs of external conditions facing competitors and the economy. As shown in the simulation, â€Å"Thinking Strategically,† environmental scanning encourages a company to evaluate and promote an appropriate vision and an improved sense of direction for all stakeholders. The information gathered in an environmental scan, also provides the company with future trends data. This discovery information can warn company officials of the rising or declining of trends on the horizon. The simulation used a SWOT analysis as an effective tool of environmental scanning. An analysis of strengths and weaknesses is obtained through internal sources, whereas, opportunities and threats information is obtained externally. All SWOT factors are critical for the company’s successful strategy. Analyses of each including a matched pair analysis are essential in determining the future prospects of the given industry and developing a specific industry niche. In the simulation, the bike company, BJ’s, built a business on baby boomers. BJ’s brand image is geared toward male extreme bikers. However, women comprise almost half of the biking industry. BJ’s identify key strategy concepts by the use of SWOT analysis to achieve the long-term vision of becoming the top ranking specialty bicycle retailer in terms of revenue in the next five years. The approach to increase marketing efforts towards women, including hiring female consultants, is the most logical in a global environment where women’s sports and athleticism is gaining in popularity. Scanning one’s environment creates a clearer global portrait and significantly impacts all decisions necessary for optimal business outcomes. Throughout the simulation, the primary lesson learned was the value of using various sources of information and implications that such can have on outcomes of strategic planning. BJ’s and any given company can benefit through using material pertaining to statistical studies in relation to historical data gained from previous years of operation reports. For example, industry, population, age, race, and geographic areas can separate this information and locations to assist with making well-informed decisions. The results of such analysis can provide a clear direction necessary for maximizing strategic plan designs. This evaluation will aid companies in understanding how to best hedge against competing practices by knowing the appropriate target audience and building company opportunities designed richly to attract such consumers, clients and employees. â€Å"The two most prominent sources of competitive advantage can be found in the businesss cost structure and its ability to differentiate the business from competitors,† (Pearce and Robinson, Ch. 7). Without environmental scanning, strategic planners will offer information to businesses blindly. Mere internal information can be beneficial for company cultural concerns, but the external information can prove more beneficial based on industry standards. The expense of the industrial analysis reports may seem extravagant, but when exercised properly are very valuable for companies looking to surpass competition. This simulation implies a one time evaluation suits the company, but as Sam Harrison states in his article about Finding Ideas that Make a Difference, Never stop creating. Never stop exploring. Never stop appreciating, (Journal of Business Strategy, 2008). The second simulation, â€Å"Developing Grand Strategies,† was focused on the development of a grand strategy for a company. A lesson learned has been the ability to apply analytic tools and concepts to aid in the development of strategic planning. The toy company, Oz, was the third largest toy manufacturing company in the country. The company reported $3. 5 billion in revenue. Industry reports viewed at Oz predicted that the sales curves were flattening. Oz decided to take a proactive approach to develop a grand strategy that was suitable to the industry reports. â€Å"Strategies, that involve adoption of new technologies, also have sweet spots. Connecting with the right strategy at the right time supported with the right resources will produce the best possible results,† (Oliver, 2002). Oz needs a proactive strategic response to an industry situation impacted by consolidation among manufacturers. Asian imports that have led to an influx of cheap toys and changes in trends such as the increasing purchase power of consumers. The appropriate Grand strategies need to be selected based on the firm’s quadrant positioning in the Grand strategy cluster. A firm’s quadrant position is identified using its competitive position and the market’s growth capability. The firm’s competitive position can be identified using a SWOT matrix and industry report. The industry report also can reveal whether the market is a slow growth or rapid growth market. The selected Grand Strategies based on the firm’s quadrant positioning helps in selecting the correct action plan to meeting the firm’s goals. If the strategies are incorrect, the firm’s action plans may not be accurate and may not help the firm meeting its goals. Developing a vision and determining what is critical for the business will aid in making key business decisions. In experiencing the Grand Strategy with Oz, the strategy used is in response to the internal and external conditions of the business systematic processes. As the company builds on strengths and weaknesses, the strategy is to create and sustain a competitive advantage. If a potential opportunity arises, the opportunity should be consistent with what is â€Å"important to the values (and vision) of the business. The key point in a business strategy is figuring out what you are not going to do, not just what you are going to do,† (The Bangkok Post, 2002). The Grand Strategy Cluster is the ideal platform for the selection of appropriate Grand Strategy. In conjunction with the Grand Strategy Cluster, the SWOT Matrix helps to identify a company’s position. Strengths and Weaknesses in the SWOT matrix show the firm’s internal face. Opportunities and Threats show the firm’s external face. The SWOT matrix is important to identify the firm’s competitive positioning. The Grand strategy cluster is important to select the strategies based on the firm’s competitive position and the market’s growth capability. Strategic planners can use the grand strategy cluster to plan for appropriate short term and long-term activities relevant to the company. But use of the grand strategy cluster could lead to greater challenges in choosing the right strategy in the real world. If the market is changing too fast, focusing on one tactic can become difficult to identify the ideal strategy. If external threats exist in the middle of executing a strategy, the firm may find it difficult to change quickly to address the threats. Similarly, the firm’s goal of keeping the shareholders happy may conflict with some of the selected strategies. The shareholders and the market may not see some of the strategies as positive. As an example, the firm may like to liquidate a business function considering its Grand strategy cluster quadrant positioning while the shareholders and the market may consider it as an inappropriate strategy. Sometimes, the strategic planners may not have adequate data to make an appropriate decision. Planners may need to make assumptions in the event of unavailability of data and the assumptions may be wrong and may create issues. The above are some of the challenges for strategic planners while selecting the right strategy. In looking at the â€Å"Creating a Strategic Road Map† simulation, there were several lessons applied regarding the importance and effectiveness of the formulation of action plans and goals. The basis for the formulation of action plans and goals are geared toward long-term company objectives. From the simulation, ConstructWell is the leading provider in the specialized construction service focusing on commercial and infrastructure segments in North America. The company dominated the largest construction market. Organizational success made the company vulnerable for a takeover by a larger corporation. ConstructWell decides to set long-term objectives that countered the take over bid and made long-term strategic decisions designed to rank the company at the top of the industry. A team was formulated to develop a strategic roadmap to accomplish the objectives that had been set. A strategic roadmap helps to place organizational strategies keeping in mind with the company vision and long-term objectives. Once an organization has identified workable long-term goals, the company can begin work on developing strategies to meet those set goals. Every decision made within the firm must be done in alignment with the ultimate goal of meeting the described long-term objective. Using the SWOT chart is integral in this step. Goals with specific tangible measures of progress assist an organization in measuring progress in a manner consistent with the long-term objectives of the organization by having the knowledge of the desired direction. In conclusion, the first simulation, â€Å"Thinking Strategically,† highlighted the importance of environmental scanning. The second simulation, â€Å"Developing Grand Strategies,† challenged decisions made which lead to effective strategy formulation and choice. The third and final simulation, â€Å"Creating a Strategic Road Map,† provided a simulated experience of how to build a strategic roadmap and the importance and effectiveness of formulating action plans and goals. These are the challenges that currently face strategic planners. To remain competitive, companies traditionally trim balance sheets cut costs, and return to their core competencies. Companies search for alternatives in handling procedures that are essential to their businesses. Many of today’s companies, like the mentioned in the three simulations, are all challenged to produce an outcome that is beneficial to the bottom line of the business. Globalization, rapid change, outsourcing and other major forces shaping today’s economic landscape has ushered in multi-business strategic decision making that focus a mixed structure in different countries to become the global leader in the industry. Defining a company’s strategic initiatives and mapping the strategies from a SWOT analysis in each simulation proved important as a strategic planner. Based on long-term objectives, the manager defines the strategies and the corresponding goals that would enable the business to achieve successful status. References The Bangkok Post. (2003). `Shooting for the stars through strategic planning. Retrieved on April 20, 2008, from ProQuest. Creating a Strategic Roadmap Simulation (2008). University of Phoenix: Retrieved on April 9, 2008, from website, http://mycampus. phoenix. edu. Developing Grand Strategies Simulation (2008). University of Phoenix: Retrieved on April 6, 2008 from website, http://mycampus. phoenix. edu. Harrison, S. (2008). Finding Ideas that Make a Difference. Journal of Business Strategy. Retrieved on April 19, 2008, from americansentinel. edu/JOBS//ideaspotting. shtml Oliver, R. (2002). The Strategic Sweet Spot. The Journal of Business Strategy. Retrieved on April 19, 2008, from EBSCOhost. Pearce-Robinson (2004). Strategy Implementation Ninth Edition: Retrieved on April 17, 2008, from Strategy Formulation: Formulating Long-Term Objectives and Grand Strategies. Thinking Strategically Simulation (2008). University of Phoenix: Retrieved on March 30, 2008, from website, http://mycampus. phoenix. edu.

Construction Litigation Industry in California Thesis - 1

Construction Litigation Industry in California - Thesis Example In the light of improved opportunities, we find that the general contractors now offer a number of services such as: financial assistance, management of the total program, operations and maintenance, and renovation besides the core service of designing, building, and construction management1. Hence, we see that the construction industry has taken over a number of services that were offered by consultants. The contractors have taken over a large share of the service market of A/E consultants and thus, A/E firms need to expand the services offered to retain their market shares. They need to venture into service segments such as providing financial assistance to the clients, assistance with regulations, cost analysis of project life cycle, O&M functions, and renovation services. The situation has changed dramatically for marketing professionals and construction services providers and it is not as simple as it used to be. The shift in the project delivery system and the advances in commu nication technology requires the architects and the engineers to change themselves from their usual procedures of working. For example, in the past architects relied on their name and recognition whereas consulting engineers relied on 80/20 rule2 , and general contractors used to bid low in competitive bidding situations. The A/E consultants can retain their market shares by strengthening their market niche, marketing plans that increase customer retention, and restructuring of the organization to increase flexibility in the human resource.

Business Plan, ( restaurant in london) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Business Plan, ( restaurant in london) - Essay Example Our company will also offer customers a wide variety of sizes to choose from, for example by packaging products in small, medium, and large sizes. This strategy will also be intended to attract different customers with different levels of incomes and preference for different sizes. Zena will sell some products that are rarely sold in other restaurants, such as backed chips, a strategy that will go a long way in creating a competitive advantage. Our restaurant will produce a lot of products that attract schooling students such as fries, and sauces. This strategy will ensure we get a lot of customers because the area has so many schools, colleges and universities. In order to establish the value of its products, Zena will focus on the significance of comparing quality with price, and this means that the customers must be guaranteed value for their money. The customers will be offered superior quality on all products and services to ensure they are fully satisfied and contented with the money they spend on our items (Cannon & Morgan, 1990). The products and services of Zena will be offered in a truly unique environment so the customers can experience not only satisfying products and services, but also a comfortable and admirable ambiance. This kind of fashionable atmosphere will be used to offer products at somewhat higher prices and still ensure that the customers are satisfied since the products and services will guarantee them value for their money. What’s more our company’s focus on offering products and services of high quality and ensuring that our employees are well-trained to offer superior services is another strategy that will be used to charge customer’s relatively higher prices than some of our competitors and still retain them (Gu 1997; Ingenbleek et al. 2003). It is also important to note that sometimes the prices will vary with the cost of supplies. If we get supplies at lower prices we shall probably reduce the price for our cu stomers, but if we get supplies at higher prices we shall have no option but to increases our prices so we do not compromise our profitability targets. If we get supplies at higher prices and hence forced to increases the prices that we charge our customers, we shall ensure that we provide very high products and services so the customers continue doing business with us. Alternatively, we shall ensure that our prices are adjusted according to â€Å"product-by-product† and â€Å"market-by-market basis. Zara will also implement strategies that will retain price-sensitive customers, for example by packaging very small quantities of fries such that those customers can still perceive them as affordable (Govindarajan, 1989). Keys to success: Ensuring that the customers are offered high quality meals in a comforting and attractive atmosphere that creates a sense of value for customer’s, as well as differentiating us from our competitors. Having high quality products and satis fying customer care as part of our strategic goals. Target segment Our company targets customers from different backgrounds. While our primary targets are the young people who are attending neighboring colleges, universities and schools, we shall also target people who are in their shopping mission,